English grammar

Conveys actions (speak, run), states of being (believe, stand), and occurrences (become, take place).

Describes nouns and pronouns (small, blue) and changes meaning depending on where it is in a sentence.

Describes relationships in time (before, after) and space (under, over), can come in groups (in front of).

Names things (chair, car), ideas (language, math), places (home, France), and people (worker, Sam).

Modifies and adds meaning to verbs (spoke quietly), adjectives (very funny), other adverbs (quite strongly), and whole sentences.

Takes the place of or refers to a noun (you, hers, this) and comes in different forms depending on context.

Links words, groups of words, or entire parts of a sentence and phrases together (but, for, yet).

Expresses spontaneous feelings or reactions such as surprise (Oh! Wow!), response (huh? Mhm), greeting (bye, hi), and so on

Also known as a determiner - starts a noun phrase in order to indicate specifics (these, some, an).

A group of words with a verb and a subject that conveys information. Every complete sentence has one or more clauses.

Meaning contained in a sentence, which can be a statement, question, command, or exclamation.

The clauses in a sentence dictate whether it’s simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.

How we report information from others. Can be direct for exact words and indirect when rephrased.

Rules we use to make the verb take the right form based on its subject in a sentence.

How we use verbs in sentences to create transitions and coherently link phrases.

Using special marks such as periods (.), commas (,), exclamation marks (!), semicolons (;), and so on.

Where we put secondary information that adds details but isn’t essential in a sentence.

How we emphasize elements and change the focus of a sentence by placing a part in a separate clause (it wasn’t Sam that I found).

How we show whether our subject performs (I caught the ball) or receives (the ball was caught by me) the action. 

The present state of something or a habitual action. “I live in Canada.”

Action that happened in the past at some point in time. “I lived in Canada.”

Action that will happen in the future at some point. “I will live in Canada.”

Action that is in progress, ongoing. “I am learning English.”

Action that was in progress at a special time in the past. “I was learning English.”

Action that will happen for a long period of time in the future. “I will be learning English.”

Action which began in the past and continues into the present. “I have finished my painting.”

Action that occurred before a specific time in the past, often to specify which came first. “I had finished my painting.”

Action that will be completed by a specific time in the future. “I will have finished my painting.”

Action that began in the past and continues into the present. “I have been jogging.”

Action that started, continued for some time, and ended in the past. “I had been jogging.”

Action that will continue for some time in the future. “I will have been jogging.”

Avoiding common mistakes such as incomplete thoughts.

Commonly mistaken words that learners often struggle with.

Referring to more than one object and rules for collective nouns.

Arranging words and phrases into proper clear sentences.

Adding special tags at the end of the sentence, such as "isn't it?"

Talking about hypothetical scenarios, wishes, suggestions, and commands.

Rules for handling different kinds of subjects in your sentences.

Understanding which words or phrases receive objects in your speech.

We used Merriam-Webster and Longman Learner's Dictionary of American English to create this irregular verbs list.